Håkon Wium Lie

     Håkon Wium Lie (born 1965 in Halden, Norway) is a web pioneer, a standards activist, a politician for The Pirate Party of Norway, and, as of 2013, the Chief Technology Officer of Opera Software.

He is best known for proposing[1] the concept of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) while working with Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau at CERN in 1994.

Education and career

     Håkon Wium Lie attended Østfold University College, West Georgia College, and MIT Media Lab, receiving an MS in Visual Studies in 1991. On February 17, 2006, he successfully defended his PhD thesis at University of Oslo. His PhD thesis is background to the origins of CSS and a rationale to some of the design decisions behind it – particularly as to why some features were not included and why CSS avoids trying to become DSSSL.
     While working with Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau at CERN in 1994, he proposed the concept of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) As an employee at W3C, he developed CSS into a W3C Recommendation with Bert Bos. As a showcase and testbed, he integrated CSS into the Arena web browser. CSS is one of the fundamental web standards, with profound impact on typography, aesthetics, and accessibility on the web.
     Along with his work on the CSS specifications, Wium Lie has been an activist for standards in general. He proposed the Acid2 test which was later developed and published by the Web Standards Project. Conversely, Wium Lie has targeted Microsoft's Internet Explorer due to its poor support for standards and argued against the use of formatting objects on the web.

In 2006, Wium Lie started campaigning for browsers to support downloadable web fonts using common font formats. As of 2011, all major browser vendors have implemented web fonts this way. In 2007, Wium Lie started campaigning for the video element to make it easier to publish video on the web.

Wium Lie has also promoted the concept of printing from the web. His book on CSS, co-authored with Bert Bos, was produced from HTML and CSS files. These files were then converted to PDF by the Prince XML formatter. Building on his experience with web printing, in 2011 Wium Lie proposed to extend CSS to support pagination on screens.

He has worked for, among others, the W3C, INRIA, CERN, MIT Media Lab, and Norwegian telecom research in Televerket.

In December 1996, he became known as the CSS1 W3C Recommendation editor.
In April 1999, he joined Opera Software.
In 2005, he joined the board of YesLogic, the company that makes the Prince XML + CSS formatter.

Guido van Rossum

Guido van Rossum (born 31 January 1956) is a Dutch computer programmer who is best known as the author of the Python programming language. In the Python community, Van Rossum is known as a "Benevolent Dictator For Life" (BDFL), meaning that he continues to oversee the Python development process, making decisions where necessary. He was employed by Google from 2005 until December 7th 2012, where he spent half his time developing the Python language. In January 2013, Van Rossum started working for Dropbox.

Python
About the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996: Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was looking for a "hobby" programming project that would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas. My office ... would be closed, but I had a home computer, and not much else on my hands. I decided to write an interpreter for the new scripting language I had been thinking about lately: a descendant of ABC that would appeal to Unix/C hackers. I chose Python as a working title for the project, being in a slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of Monty Python's Flying Circus).
In 2000 he further wrote:
Python's predecessor, ABC, was inspired by SETL – Lambert Meertens spent a year with the SETL group at NYU before coming up with the final ABC design!

Anders Hejlsberg

Anders Hejlsberg (born December 1961) is a prominent Danish software engineer who co-designed several popular and commercially successful programming languages and development tools. He was the original author of Turbo Pascal and the chief architect of Delphi. He currently works for Microsoft as the lead architect of C# and core developer on TypeScript.

Hejlsberg was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, and studied engineering at the Technical University of Denmark but did not graduate. While at the university in 1980, he began writing programs for the Nascom microcomputer, including a Pascal compiler which was initially marketed as the Blue Label Software Pascal for the Nascom-2. However, he soon rewrote it for CP/M and DOS, marketing it first as Compas Pascal and later as PolyPascal. Later the product was licensed to Borland, and integrated into an IDE to become the Turbo Pascal system. Turbo Pascal competed with PolyPascal. The compiler itself was largely inspired by the "Tiny Pascal" compiler in Niklaus Wirth's "Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs", one of the most influential computer science books of the time. Anders and his partners ran a computer store in Copenhagen and marketed accounting systems. Their company, PolyData, was the distributor for Microsoft products in Denmark which put them at odds with Borland. Philippe Kahn and Anders first met in 1986. For all those years, Niels Jensen, one of Borland's founders and its majority shareholder, had successfully handled the relationship between Borland and PolyData.

Python Introduction

The Python Introduction tutorial explains how and where to start writing Python for the server side.

First, off Python usually requires some setup by downloading the Python IDLE. The Python IDLE is basically a text editor that lets you execute Python code. If you want to use Python as a server-side language, you certainly can. Python can output HTML just like other languages can, but Python is more commonly used as a module rather than intertwined like some PHP or ColdFusion. As for right now, I recommend you download the IDLE to help you debug your code while we learn the fundamentals offline. One really quick note, we are using python 3.2. Before we go to an example, please understand that Python is space sensitive. This means you must have 4 spaces for each indentation every single time. We'll get into this more later, now let's go to an example.

Example print ("My first Python code!")
print ("easier than I expected")

Result My first Python Code!
easier than I expected

You can see right off the bat, that we use print() a whole lot. Basically, all it does is output whatever is inside the parentheses. You will be doing lots of printing so, you can get more comfortable with it as we go. Print is a function that we will go into later, but just understand that it can take a value. On the first line, we provide a string value "My first Python code!", which is a string because of the quotes. So, you just told Python to output that string to the console. Python completes that task and moves onto the next line where it prints out a different string.

See how simple that was? Well, get used to it. Python is probably one of the simplest looking languages that can do some of the most powerful things you can imagine. You can see from the example how clean Python's syntax is without all of the extra stuff that other languages add. That covers the easiest Python statement you will ever write. In the following sections, we will be using more advanced functions and teaching you the fundamentals of Python.

In-line

In-line styles are plonked straight into the HTML tags using the style attribute.

They look something like this:


<p style="color: red">text</p>

This will make that specific paragraph red.

But, if you remember, the best-practice approach is that the HTML should be a stand-alone, presentation free document, and so in-line styles should be avoided wherever possible.

Internal

Embedded, or internal, styles are used for the whole page. Inside the head element, the style tags surround all of the styles for the page.


<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>CSS Example</title>
<style>

    p {
        color: red;
    }

    a {
        color: blue;
    }

</style>
...

This will make all of the paragraphs in the page red and all of the links blue.

Although preferable to soiling our HTML with inline presentation, it is similarly usually preferable to keep the HTML and the CSS files separate, and so we are left with our savior…

External

External styles are used for the whole, multiple-page website. There is a separate CSS file, which will simply look something like:


p {
    color: red;
}

a {
    color: blue;
}

If this file is saved as “style.css” in the same directory as your HTML page then it can be linked to in the HTML like this:


<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>CSS Example</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
...

Apply!

To get the most from this guide, it would be a good idea to try out the code as we go along, so start a fresh new file with your text-editor and save the blank document as “style.css” in the same directory as your HTML file.

Now change your HTML file so that it starts something like this:


<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>My first web page</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
...

Save the HTML file. This now links to the CSS file, which is empty at the moment, so won’t change a thing. As you work your way through the CSS Beginner Tutorial, you will be able to add to and change the CSS file and see the results by simply refreshing the browser window that has the HTML file in it, as we did before.

Getting Started with C# .NET

What we're going to do first is to create a very simple programme, so that you can see what makes up a C# .NET project. By the end of this chapter, you'll have learnt the following:

How to create new projects
What the Solution Explorer is
The various files that make up of a C# .NET project
How to save your work
How to run programmes
The importance of the Main statement

The simple programme we'll create is called a Console Application. We won't be doing much else with this type of application, as this is a book about Windows Applications. Off we go then!
Open the Visual C# Express software from your programs menu. When you first open C# (pronounced C Sharp), you should see a screen something like this (screenshot is for 2008 version, but 2005 version is the same):

If you have the 2010 version of Visual C# Express then your screen looks like this:

If you have Visual Studio Express 2012, your opening screen will look like this:

When you're looking at this piece of software for the first time, it can seem hugely complex and daunting. The temptation is to think you're never going to get to grips with something so difficult. But don't worry - after a few lessons things will start to feel familiar, and you won't feel nearly half as intimidated as you do now!

A Simple C# Console Application
A Console Application is one that looks like a DOS window. If you don't know what these are, click your Start menu in the bottom left of your screen. Click on Run. From the dialogue box that appears, type cmd:

In Vista and Windows 7, type cmd in the search box at the bottom of the start menu. In Windows 8, the search box is on the Start Screen page. You'll then see the search results appear:

Click cmd.exe to see the console appear.
Click OK and you'll see a black screen, like this one:

This is the type of window you'll see for our Console Application. When you create your Windows forms, there's a whole lot of code to get used to. But Console Applications start off fairly simple, and you can see which part of the programme is the most important.
So with Visual C# Express open, click File from the menu bar at the top. From the File menu, select New Project (or click the New Project link on the left of the opening screen in versions 2010 and 2012):

When you click on New Project, you'll see the following dialogue box appear:

Or this one in version 2010 of the software:

For 2012 users, click on Templates from the list on the left. Under Templates, click on Visual C#. You'll then see Console Application appear in the middle:

For all versions, the New Project dialogue box is where you select the type of project you want to create. If you only have the Express edition of Visual C#, the options are limited. For the rest of this book, we'll be creating Windows Applications. For now, select Console Application. Then click OK.
When you click OK, a new Console Application project will be created for you. Some code should be displayed:

As well as the code, have a look on the right hand side and you'll see the Solution Explorer. This is where all the files for your project are. (If you can't see the Solution Explorer, click View from the C# menu bar at the top. From the View menu, click Solution Explorer.)
The code itself will look very complicated, if you're new to programming. We'll get to it shortly. For now, right click the Program.cs tab at the top, and click Close from the menu that appears:

Or just click the X in C# 2010 and 2012:

Now double click the Program.cs file in the Solution Explorer:

When you double click Program.cs, you should see the code reappear. So this code is the programme that will run when anyone starts your application.
Now click the plus symbol (arrow symbol in version 2012) next to Properties in the Solution Explorer above. You'll see the following:

The file called AssemblyInfo.cs contains information about your programme. Double click this file to open it up and see the code. Here's just some of it:

The reddish colour text is something you can change. You can add a Title, Description, Copyright, Trademark, etc.
But right click the AssemblyInfo.cs tab at the top, and click Close from the menu. Now, in the Solution Explorer, click the plus symbol next to References:

These are references to code built in to C# (you won't see as many entries in earlier versions of the software).
Before we add some code, let's save the project.

SOURCE

James Gosling

James Arthur Gosling, OC (born May 19, 1955) is a Canadian computer scientist, best known as the father of the Java programming language

Education and career
       In 1977, Gosling received a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from the University of Calgary. In 1983, he earned a Ph.D in Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University, supervised by Bob Sproull. While working towards his doctorate, he wrote a version of Emacs called Gosling Emacs (Gosmacs), and before joining Sun Microsystems he built a multi-processor version of Unix while at Carnegie Mellon University, as well as several compilers and mail systems.

       Between 1984 and 2010, Gosling was with Sun Microsystems. He is known as the father of the Java programming language.
       On April 2, 2010, Gosling left Sun Microsystems which had recently been acquired by the Oracle Corporation. Regarding why he left, Gosling cited reductions in pay, status, and decision-making ability, change of role, and ethical challenges. He has since taken a very critical stance towards Oracle in interviews, noting that "During the integration meetings between Sun and Oracle, where we were being grilled about the patent situation between Sun and Google, we could see the Oracle lawyer's eyes sparkle." Later, during the Oracle vs. Google trial over Android, he clarified his position saying "Just because Sun didn't have patent suits in our genetic code doesn't mean we didn't feel wronged. While I have differences with Oracle, in this case they are in the right. Google totally slimed Sun. We were all really disturbed, even Jonathan [Schwartz]: he just decided to put on a happy face and tried to turn lemons into lemonade, which annoyed a lot of folks at Sun." On March 28, 2011, James Gosling announced on his blog that he had been hired by Google. Five months later, he announced that he joined a startup called Liquid Robotics. Gosling is listed as an advisor at the Scala company Typesafe Inc. and Strategic Advisor for Eucalyptus.

Contributions
       Gosling is generally credited with having invented the Java programming language in 1994. He created the original design of Java and implemented the language's original compiler and virtual machine. Gosling traces the origins of the approach to his early 1980s graduate-student days, when he created a pseudo-code (p-code) virtual machine for the lab's DEC VAX computer, so that his professor could run programs written in UCSD Pascal. Pascal compiled into p-code to foster precisely this kind of portability. In the work leading to Java at Sun, he saw that architecture-neutral execution for widely distributed programs could be achieved by implementing a similar philosophy: always program for the same virtual machine. For his achievement he was elected to Foreign Associate member of the United States National Academy of Engineering. He has also made major contributions to several other software systems, such as NeWS and Gosling Emacs. He co-wrote the "bundle" program, a utility thoroughly detailed in Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike's book The Unix Programming Environment.

SOURCE

Java Terminology and Syntax

Statement:
A programming statement performs a piece of programming action. It must be terminated by a semi-colon (;) (just like an English sentence is ended with a period) as in Lines 6 in tutorials .

Block:
A block is a group of programming statements enclosed by braces { }. This group of statements is treated as one single unit. There are two blocks in this program. One contains the body of the class Hello. The other contains the body of the main() method. There is no need to put a semi-colon after the closing brace.

Comments:
A multi-line comment begins with /* and ends with */. An end-of-line comment begins with // and lasts till the end of the line. Comments are NOT executable statements and are ignored by the compiler. But they provide useful explanation and documentation. Use comments liberally.

Whitespaces:
Blank, tab, and newline are collectively called whitespace. Extra whitespaces are ignored, i.e., only one whitespace is needed to separate the tokens. But they could help you and your readers better understand your program. Use extra whitespaces liberally.

Case Sensitivity:
Java is case sensitive - a ROSE is NOT a Rose, and is NOT a rose. The filename is also case-sensitive.

Java Programming Tutorial Introduction to Java Programming (for Novices & First-Time Programmers)

Getting Started - Write your First Hello-world Java Program

You should have already installed Java Development Kit (JDK). Otherwise, Read "How to Install JDK and Get Started with Java Programming".
Let us begin by writing our first Java program that prints a message "Hello, world!" to the display console, as follows:

Hello, world!

Step 1: Write the Source Code:
Enter the following source codes using a programming text editor (such as TextPad or NotePad++ for Windows or gedit for UNIX/Linux/Mac) or an Interactive Development Environment (IDE) (such as Eclipse or NetBeans - Read the respective "How-To" article on how to install and get started with these IDEs).

Do not enter the line numbers (on the left panel), which were added to help in the explanation. Save the source file as "Hello.java". A Java source file should be saved with a file extension of ".java". The filename shall be the same as the classname - in this case "Hello".

/*
* First Java program, which says "Hello, world!"
*/
public class Hello { // Save as "Hello.java"
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, world!"); // print message
}
}

Step 2: Compile the Source Code:
Compile the source code "Hello.java" into portable bytecode "Hello.class" using JDK compiler "javac". Start a CMD Shell (Windows) or Terminal (UNIX/Linux/Mac) and issue this command:

prompt> javac Hello.java

where javac is the name of JDK compiler.
There is no need to explicitly compile the source code under IDEs (such as Eclipse or NetBeans), as they perform incremental compilation implicitly.
Step 3: Run the Program:
Run the program using Java Runtime "java", by issuing this command:

prompt> java Hello Hello, world!

On IDEs (such as Eclipse or NetBeans), right-click on the source file and choose "Run As..." ⇒ "Java Application".
Brief Explanation of the Program

/* ...... */
// ... until the end of the line

These are called comments. Comments are NOT executable and are ignored by the compiler. But they provide useful explanation and documentation to your readers (and to yourself three days later). There are two kinds of comments:

Multi-line Comment: begins with /* and ends with */, and may span more than one lines (as in Lines 1-3).
End-of-line Comment: begins with // and lasts until the end of the current line (as in Lines 4 and 6).

public class Hello { ...... }

The basic unit of a Java program is a class. A class called "Hello" is defined via the keyword "class" in Lines 4-8. The {...} is the body of the class. The keyword public will be discussed later.
In Java, the name of the source file must be the same as the name of the public class with a mandatory file extension of ".java". Hence, this file MUST be saved as "Hello.java".

public static void main(String[] args) { ...... }

Lines 5-7 defines the so-called main() method, which is the starting point, or entry point for program execution. The {...} is the body of the method which contains programming statements.

System.out.println("Hello, world!");

In Line 6, the statement System.out.println("Hello, world!") is used to print the message string "Hello, world!" to the display console. A string is surrounded by a pair of double quotes and contain texts. The text will be printed as it is, without the double quotes.

Java Programming Tutorial

TUTORIALS IN PROGRAMMING